Distributed Operating Systems: Definition, goals, and design issues. Communication in Distributed Systems: Computer networks, layered protocols, and message passing. Client-Server Model: Implementation and remote procedure call.

Clock Synchronization: Algorithms and related concepts. Mutual Exclusion: Ensuring exclusive access to shared resources. Deadlock in Distributed Systems: Understanding and prevention.Processor Allocation and Scheduling: Load balancing, sharing approach, and fault tolerance.

Introduction to Distributed File Systems: Features, goals, and file models. File Accessing Models: Methods for accessing files in a distributed system. Fault Tolerance in Distributed File Systems. Case Studies: Examples of distributed file systems.

Introduction, general architecture of DSM systems, design and implementation issues of DSM, granularity, structure of shared memory space, consistency models, replacement strategy, thrashing

Introduction to Security in Distributed Operating Systems. Overview of Security Techniques and Features. Access Control and Security Management. Distributed Web-based Systems: Architecture, Communication, and Synchronization. Case Studies: Examples of distributed web-based systems.