Sand Casting: Sand Mould, Sand Properties– Patterns: Types, Materials, allowances –Types of Melting furnaces, Special casting processes: Shell - investment -Ceramic mould -Pressure die casting - Centrifugal Casting – Fettling -Defects in Sand casting. Gas welding -Types -Flame characteristics - Manual metal arc welding -Gas Tungsten arc welding - Gas metal arc welding – Types of Special Welding Processes – Electron Beam welding and Friction Stir Welding – Brazing, soldering - Weld defects - Applications.

Mechanical working of Metals- Plastic deformation theory – Principles - Hot working and cold working of metals: Forging-Types - Operations, rolling – Flat and Shape rolling, Extrusion – Direct & Indirect, Drawing processes – Tube, Wire - Defects. Sheet metal Processes and characteristics–shearing - bending and drawing operations. special forming Processes: Types - Rubber pad forming - Explosive forming - peen Forming.

Mechanics of chip formation - single point cutting tool - forces in machining - Types of chip – orthogonal, oblique metal cutting - thermal aspects - cutting tool materials - tool wear - tool life - surface finish - cutting fluids and Machinability. Gear manufacturing: Gear milling and Hobbing -Gear shaping and finishing process. Abrasive processes -types of grinding process- applications.

Need for NDT- Introduction to Powder metallurgy – applications. Surface modification – methods-CVD-PVD. Numerical Control (NC) machine tools — CNC types, constructional details, special features, machining centre, part programming fundamentals CNC — manual part programming.

Introduction to Metrology - Need–Elements of measuring system. Effect on Precision and Accuracy - Errors in Measurements – Calibration. Basic principles of Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T)- Thread measurement -Gear measurement -Surface finish Measurement. Basic concept of CMM -CMM Constructional features. Basic concepts of Machine Vision System.