Combinational Circuits – Karnaugh Map - Analysis and Design Procedures – Binary Adder –Subtractor – Decimal Adder - Magnitude Comparator – Decoder – Encoder – Multiplexers -Demultiplexers

Introduction to Sequential Circuits – Flip-Flops – operation and excitation tables, Triggering of FF, Analysis and design of clocked sequential circuits – Design – Moore/Mealy models, state minimization, state assignment, circuit implementation - Registers – Counters.

Functional Units of a Digital Computer: Von Neumann Architecture – Operation and Operands of Computer Hardware Instruction – Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Memory Location, Address and Operation – Instruction and Instruction Sequencing – Addressing Modes, Encoding of Machine Instruction – Interaction between Assembly and High Level Language.

Instruction Execution – Building a Data Path – Designing a Control Unit – Hardwired Control, Micro programmed Control – Pipelining – Data Hazard – Control Hazards.

Memory Concepts and Hierarchy – Memory Management – Cache Memories: Mapping and Replacement Techniques – Virtual Memory – DMA – I/O – Accessing I/O: Parallel and Serial Interface – Interrupt I/O – Interconnection Standards: USB, SATA