Units and dimensions - Properties of fluids - mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapour pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Pascal’s law and hydrostatic law. Absolute, gauge and vacuum pressures. Pressure measurement devices - U-tube manometers, pressure gauges. Flow characteristics -concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation. Lab Experiments: ⮚Verification of Bernoulli’s equation ⮚Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter/Venturimeter.

Hydraulic and energy gradient - Laminar flow through circular conduits - Boundary layer concepts -types of boundary layer thickness -Darcy Weisbach equation –friction factor - Moody diagram - commercial pipes - minor losses -Flow through pipes in series and parallel. Lab Experiments: ⮚Determination of friction factor for a given set of pipes ⮚Determination of major and minor losses in pipes

Need for dimensional analysis –dimensional analysis by using Buckingham’s π theorem method -Similitude –types of similitude - Dimensionless parameters - Reynold’s Number - Froude’s Number - Euler’s Number - Weber’s Number - Mach’s Number - application of dimensionless Parameters-Model analysis.

Impact of jets -Euler’s equation - Theory of rotodynamic machines- various efficiencies-velocity components at entry and exit of the rotor - velocity triangles -Centrifugal pumps-working principle - work done by the impeller - Reciprocating pump - working principle. Rotary pumps –classifications. Lab Experiments: ⮚Performance studies on centrifugal pump ⮚Performance studies on reciprocating pump

Classification of turbines -heads and efficiencies -velocity triangles. Axial, radial and mixed flow turbines. Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbines - working principles - work done by water on the runner -draft tube. Specific speed - unit quantities - performance curves for turbines - governing of turbines. Lab Experiments: ⮚Performance studies on Pelton wheel ⮚Performance studies on Francis turbine ⮚Performance studies on of Kaplan turbine