Elasticity – Stress-strain diagram and its uses –Types of elastic modulus- factors affecting elastic modulus – bending of beams. Bending moment – Cantilever: theory and experiment. Uniform and non-uniform bending: theory and experiment – I-shaped girders – stress due to bending in beams.

Introduction of laser - Spontaneous and stimulated emission - Population inversion - Einstein’s A and B coefficients - derivation. Types of lasers – Nd:YAG, CO 2 , Semiconductor lasers -applications.Principle and propagation of light in optical fibers – Numerical aperture and Acceptance angle - Types of optical fibers (material, refractive index, and mode) – Fiber Optical Communication system - fiber optic sensors.

Intrinsic Semiconductors – Energy band diagram – direct and indirect semiconductors – Carrier concentration in intrinsic semiconductors - Fermi level – Variation of Fermi level with temperature – electrical conductivity – band gap determination – extrinsic semiconductors - Carrier concentration in N-type & P-type semiconductors - Variation of Fermi Energy level with temperature and impurity concentration –Photo detectors (PIN & Avalanche)- Solar cell V-I characteristics.

Origin of magnetic moment- Bohr magneton – Dia, Para and Ferro magnetic materials – Domain theory of Ferro magnetism – Hysteresis – Hard and soft magnetic materials – Superconductivity – properties – Meissner effect, Effect of Magnetic Field, Isotope Effect Types of superconductors – BCS theory of superconductivity (qualitative) – Application of super conductors: Cryotron,Magnetic levitation.

Quantum structures - Density of states in quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dot structures – Top-down process: Ball milling method- Bottom –up process: Physical vapour deposition method( Thermal evaporation)-Carbon Nanotubes- Preparation by pulsed laser deposition method, properties and applications, Metallic glasses: preparation, properties and applications. Shape memory alloys (SMA): Characteristics, properties of NiTi alloy, applications.