Elasticity – Stress-strain diagram and its uses - factors affecting elastic modulus and tensile strength – torsional stress and deformations – twisting couple - torsion pendulum: theory and experiment - bending of beams - bending moment – cantilever: theory and experiment – uniform and non-uniform bending: theory and experiment - I-shaped girders - stress due to bending in beams.

Introduction of laser - Spontaneous and stimulated emission - Population inversion - Einstein’s A and B coefficients - derivation. Types of lasers – Nd:YAG, CO 2 , Semiconductor lasers - applications. Principle and propagation of light in optical fibers – Numerical aperture and Acceptance angle - Types of optical fibers (material, refractive index, and mode) – Fiber Optical Communication system - fiber optic sensors.

Black body radiation – Planck’s theory (derivation) – Deduction of Wien’s displacement law and Rayleigh – Jean’s Law from Planck’s theory – Compton effect. Theory and experimental verification – Properties of Matter waves – Physical significance of wave function - Schrodinger’s wave equation – Time independent and time dependent equations– Particle in a one dimensional box –Electron microscope-Scanning electron microscope.

Single crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous materials – single crystals: unit cell, crystal systems, Bravais lattices, directions and planes in a crystal, Miller indices – inter-planar distances - coordination number and packing factor for SC, BCC, FCC, HCP and diamond structures-crystal imperfection.

Introduction- Types of defects-Methods of NDT-Visual inspection- Liquid/Dye penetrate testing- Magnetic particle testing-Eddy current testing- Ultrasonic inspection method Advantages-X-Ray radiography- X-ray fluoroscopy-Comparison of conventional and real time radiography.