Functional units Basic operational concepts Bus Structures Performance Memory locations and addresses - Memory operations-Instruction and Instruction sequencing Addressing modes -Assembly language-Case study: RISC and CISC Architecture.

Addition and subtraction of signed numbers Design of fast adders Multiplication of positive numbers Signed operand multiplication- fast multiplication Integer division Floating point numbers and operations

Fundamental concepts Execution of a complete instruction Multiple bus organization - Hardwired control Micro programmed control-Pipelining: Basic concepts Data hazards Instruction hazards-Influence on Instruction sets-Data path and control consideration.

Basic concepts of Semiconductor RAMS ROMS Speed, Size and Cost Cache memories Performance consideration Virtual memory Memory Management requirements - Secondary storage-Case Study: Memory Organization in Multiprocessors

Accessing I/O devices Interrupts Direct Memory Access-Buses-Interface circuits - Standard I/O Interfaces (PCI, SCSI, USB) -Instruction Level Parallelism Concepts and Challenges Introduction to multicore processor-Graphics Processing Unit